How was the Old Testament Called in Jesus’ Time?Luke 24:44 NIV He said to them, This is what I told you while I was still with you; Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms.耶穌對他們說、這就是我從前與你們同在之時、所告訴你們的話、說、摩西的律法、先知的書、和詩篇上所記的、凡指著我的話、都必須應驗。

TANACH(A Jewish Way Calling the OT)Torah: the Law of Moses Neviim: the Prophets Ketuvim (Writings): the PsalmsMatthew 5:17 NKJ Do not think that I came to destroy the Law or the Prophets. I did not come to destroy but to fulfill. 莫想我來要廢掉律法和先知。我來不是要廢掉、乃是要成全。

the Scriptures τὰς γραφάς (tas grafas)John 5:39 你們查考聖經因你們以為內中有永生;給我作見證的就是這經。NKJ You search the Scriptures (τὰς γραφάς), for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me.

聖經語言(尤其是舊約的) Biblical Languages鑑於聖經、也就是神的話語，以人類的語言（舊約:希伯來文、亞蘭文 / 新約: 希臘文）記載下來、原件經過文士們抄寫、被學者們翻譯成不同語言、並且讓大眾解讀。因此，不同抄本、古老和現代的翻譯本和眾多解釋中，就出現了很多難題。Since the Bible, i.e., the Word of God had been written in human languages (OT - Hebrew and Aramaic / NT - Greek), its original texts have been copied by scribes, translated into various languages by scholars, and interpreted by many people. Thus, some difficulties are found with respect to various manuscripts, diverse ancient and modern Versions, and so many interpretations.

The features of the Hebrew language 希伯來語文的特性1. The Hebrew language has never died, and the biblical Hebrew is similar to modern Hebrew. 希伯來語從未消失過， 聖經希伯來文與現代希伯來文相似。2. The Hebrew language is easy to learn. 希伯來語文不難學.3. The Hebrew language is written from right to left. 希伯來文書寫從右到左。4. Most vocabularies of the Hebrew language are composed from three root letters. 大多數的希伯來文單字是由三個字母的字根組成。5. The meaning and function of a Hebrew word are decided by vowel signs, prefix, and suffix etc., mainly based on the basic meaning of the root. 文字符意義和作用是從加字根上的母音符號和字首與字尾來決定。6. Vowel signs are not to be overemphasized, because they were invented after the consonant text had been consolidated into writing. 母音符號不需過分重視，因為它們是在子音文體成形之後才發明的。

Languages of the Old Testament-Hebrew (the most)-Aramaic (268 verses)<OT Passages written in Aramaic>Genesis 31:47 (2 words) / Jeremiah 10:11 (1 verse) / Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26 (67 verses) / Daniel 2:4-7:28 (200 verses)

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Ancient Hebrew Scripts

Biblical Hebrew=Aramaic Scripts

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Hebraism in the New Testament The New Testament, even though it is written in Greek, is full of the Old Testament and characteristic features of the Hebrew (and, Aramaic) language. By the so called ‘Hebraism’, Bible scholars refer to such characteristic features of the Hebrew (or, Aramaic) language occurring in the Greek New Testament. Such Hebraism or Hebrew elements are embodied in numerous passages of the Greek New Testament. In order to understand and interpret the New Testament better, we need the help of the Old Testament and its original languages (Hebrew and Aramaic). Both quotation and allusion related to the OT should be checked and studied in detail.

Hebraism in the New Testament (an example)Matthew 2:23 到了一座城、名叫拿撒勒、就住在那裡． 這是要應驗先知所說、他將稱為拿撒勒人的話了。 καὶ ἐλθὼν κατῴκησεν εἰς πόλιν λεγομένην Ναζαρέτ· ὅπως πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν ὅτι Ναζωραῖος κληθήσεται.NKJ And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, "He shall be called a Nazarene.“-Isaiah 11:1 `hr<(p.yI wyv'îr"V'mi rc,nEßw> yv'_yI [z:GEåmi rj,xoß ac'îy"w> NIV A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse; from his roots a Branch will bear fruit.從耶西的本（原文作不 nie）必發一條；從他根生的枝子(rc,nEß)必結果實。

Hebraism in the New Testament (an example)Matthew 5:22只是我告訴你們,凡向弟兄動怒的,難免受審判.凡罵弟兄是拉加 (r`aka,) 的,難免公會的審斷．凡罵弟兄是魔利 (mwre,)的,難免地獄 (ge,enna) 的火。NIV But I tell you that anyone who is angry with his brother will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to his brother, 'Raca, 'is answerable to the Sanhedrin. But anyone who says, 'You fool!' will be in danger of the fire of hell.*‘Raca’ (r`aka,) is an Aramaic word (aqyr) meaning "Empty," a frequent word for contempt. The word mwre, is Greek (dull, stupid) and is a fair equivalent of "raka." *Gehenna (ge,enna 地獄), which occurs 12 times in the Greek New Testament (Matthew 5:22, 29, 30; 10:28; 23:15; 23:15, 33; Mark 9:43, 45, 47; Luke 12:5; James 3:6), is a transliteration from Hebrew ~NOhi-!b, ayGE or ~NOhi-ayGE which means ‘valley (of the son) of Hinnom’ (Joshua 15:8; 18:16; Nehemiah 11:30).

Hebraism in the New Testament (an example)Matthew 6:24 一個人不能事奉兩個主;不是惡這個,愛那個,就是重這個,輕那個。你們不能又事奉神,又事奉瑪門（mamwna/|) 。(瑪門: 財利的意思)NKJ “ No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.NIV "No one can serve two masters. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and Money. *Recognizing the most powerful rival of God - Money (路加16:9-13; 創14:17-24). The Greek word mamwna/j (mamonas), which occurs 4 times (Matthew 6:24; Luke 16:9, 11, 13), is a transliteration of the Aramaic word !wmm (mamon), which means ‘accumulation, wealth, money.’

Hebraism in the New Testament (an example)Matthew 10:4 奮銳黨 (o` Kananai/oj)的西門, 還有賣耶穌的加略人猶大.NIV Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.RSV Simon the Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.NKJ Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed Him.*The Hebrew ‎הַקַּנַּאי (haqanay), which signifies ‘the Zealot’ is transliterated into Kananai/oj with the Greek article (o`) for the Hebrew equivalent הַ and the Greek masculine singular nominative ending (-oj). NIV & CUV are correct, while NKJ (and RSV) is wrong (also in Mark 3:18). Cf. Luke 6:15; Matthew 15:22. The Greek Cananai,a of Matthew 15:22 is transliteration of the Hebrew ‎כְּנַעֲנִית (Canaaite woman). The Hebrew letter‎ כ (Kaf) is transliterated into the Greek letter C (Chi) in the Septuagint. Pay attention to the difference between the two Greek letters (K and C).-Luke 6:15 NKJ Matthew and Thomas; James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon called the Zealot (ζηλωτὴν). / 馬太和多馬、亞勒腓的兒子雅各、和奮銳黨的西門、-Matthew 15:22 RSV And behold, a Canaanite woman from that region came out … / 有一個迦南婦人,從那地方出來… (Cananai,a)